conduction
Conduction of electricity in solids consisits of the drift of electricity that have been temporarily detached from the parent atoms. However,conduction in liquid electrolytes is ionic in nature. Ions, produced by dissociation of molecules, drift through the solution when a potential difference is maintained.
Whereas in solid conduction a single kind of charged particle, the negative electron, moves in the process, in electrolytic conduction both positively and negatively charged particles take part in the motion, the positive particles moving in one direction and the negative in the opposite.
Moreover, the particles moving in electrolytic conduction are of atomic or molecular mass, consisting of charged atoms or groups of atoms. while in solids the moving particles have the mass of the electron much smaller than that of the smallest atom.
drift of electricity：电漂移
parent atoms：母原子
in nature：实质上；本质上
dissociation of molecules：分子分解
potential difference：电势差
charged particle：带电粒子
atomic or molecular mass：原子或分子质量
charged atoms：带电原子
groups of atoms：原子组
固体中的导电由暂时脱离母原子的电漂移组成。然而，液体电解质中的导电本质上是离子性的—由分子分离产生的离子，在有电位差时便会在电解液中流动。
然而在固体导电中，只有负电子在这个过程中运动，在电解液中，带正电和带负电的粒子都参与了运动，正粒子在一个方向上运动，负粒子在相反方向上运动。
此外，在电解传导中移动的粒子具有原子或分子质量，由带电原子或原子组组成。而在固体中，运动粒子的电子质量比最小原子的质量小得多。
嗯，千鸟就是第三种放电
A third type of conduction occurs in gases. This type of conduction is similar to liquid conduction in that both positive and negative ions move in the process, but it differs in the very important that very few of the ions exist before the beginning of the conduction process. Most of the ions are produced as a result of collisions between moving particles and molecules of the gas. Also the ions are of both atomic and electronic nature.
respect：文中的respect是做名词使用，表示“方面”的意思。
第三种类型的传导发生在气体中。这种类型的传导类似于液体传导，正离子和负离子都在传导过程中移动，但它的不同之处在于，在传导过程开始之前，只有少量离子存在。大多数离子是由气体中运动的粒子和分子之间的碰撞产生的。此外，这些离子具有原子性质和电子性质。
Under normal conditions a gas is a very poor conductor of electricity. There are very few ions present to take part in the conduction. A low voltage being applied to the specimen of gas, each ion moves toward the appropriate terminal. In this motion the ions collide frequently with molecules of the gas. In these colliding with a molecule seldom has enough energy to remove an electron from the molecule.
take part:参与
apply to：施加
specimen：样品
appropriate terminal：合适的终端
正常情况下，气体是一种很差的导体。很少有离子参与传导。如果把低电压施加到气体样本上，每一离子都朝着相应的电极运动。在这种运动中，离子频繁与气体分子碰撞。在这些与分子的碰撞中，很少有足够的能量从分子中去除电子。
As the potential difference applied to the gas is increased, each ion will acquire more energy, on the average, between collisions. When the voltage is great enough that an ion acquires between collisions suffcient energy to ionize the atom or molecule that it strikes, two or more new particles are produced, one being the electron knocked off the atom and the other being the atom less its electron. This the number of ions builds up very rapidly and a disruptive discharge, or spark, occrurs. This process of cumulative ionization is called ionization by collision.
cumulative ionization：累计电离
ionization by collision：碰撞电离
随着施加在气体上的电势差的增加，平均而言，每个离子在碰撞之间都会获得更多的能量。当电压大得足以使一个离子在两次碰撞之间获得充分的能量来电离它所撞击的原子或分子时，就会产生两个或更多的粒子，一个是从原子撞击下来的电子，另一个是失掉电子的原子。这是离子数量迅速积累的结果，会产生破坏性放电或火花。这种累积电离过程称为碰撞电离。
Nowadays we have a new type of conduction that occurs in a vacuum. In order to have conduction in a vaccum charges must be introduced. This is most conveniently done by thermionic emission, the emission of electrons by a conductor when it is heated to a sufficiently high temperature. This type of conduction has been widely used in electron tubes of radio, television, and many other modern devices.
thermionic emission：热离子发射
现在我们可以在真空状态下进行传导。为了在真空中进行传导，必须引入电荷。这最适合通过热离子发射来实现，热离子发射是指当导体被加热到足够高的温度时，导体发射电子。这种类型的传导已广泛应用于无线电、电视和许多其他现代设备的电子管中。